Okra production in Nigeria

Okra originates from West Africa. it's far scientifically named “Abelmoschus esculentus” and also can be called “Hibiscus esculentus". This crop belongs to the circle of relatives Malvaceae. It prospers properly in a well drained deep soil. maximum dependable temperature required is 25-300C. It takes approximately of 90-100 days earlier than okra starts offevolved offevolved flowering.


types

some of the sorts of Okra are:


 'Park's Candelabra Branching', that could be a base-branching okra plant. This type of branching allows easy harvesting.

  'Louisiana green Velvet': it's miles spineless and smooth. Its plant is often approximately 6 ft tall.


Cultivars/hybrids of okra encompass Annie Oakley, Annie Oakley II, inexperienced pleasant and 1285.


Planting 

The planting of Okra may be carried out each immediately inside the garden or first on

the nursery website on-line earlier than transplanting. Okra prospers nicely in fertile,

properly-worn-out soil preferably loamy. you can soak the seeds in a unmarried day

in tepid water to assist boost up germination. Intra-row spacing ( spacing

 in amongst vegetation on the equal row) on permanent location want to be about 1

 -2 ft aside,  on the same time as inter-row(spacing in amongst rows) must be

approximately three-4feet aside. Weeding need to be accomplished as as even as essential. If cultivated at some stage in dry season, watering may be crucial.


Farm backyard manure or compost, manure could be applied to boost soil fertility.




Constraints


    Insect and sickness assault: There have been excessive incidences of insect pests and ailment assault.


    Inaccessibility to stepped forward sorts of seeds


Harvesting


Harvested

 need to executed every different day in different to order its freshness.

Harvested okra is about 2-3 inches lengthy. reduce the stem with a knife simply

above the cap. The types of okra with spines ought to get worse the pores and skin

 on the identical time as harvesting, so it is recommended to place on hand gloves even as

harvesting.


storage


Okra

 might be stored in a fab dry region for a 1 -2days and may also be

saved in a refrigerator and freezers whether or not or no longer raw or cooked. it could

additionally be sliced and solar dried, then saved.


Processing


blending of the dried sliced okra into powdery form may be done, which makes packaging less cumbersome and will boom its shelf lifestyles. Okra could be sliced with knife for small scale manufacturing, but it is higher sliced with the use of motorized slicer specifically for large scale production. it could both be sun dried or oven died. Thereafter, it may be grinded into powdery form to allow longer storage and to lessen its bulkiness.



dietary value Okra consists of fibre, nutrients and minerals, which include calcium and food plan C
importance

 Okra is a totally important vegetable used to prepare specific styles of soups.

 in reality, each tribe in Nigeria uses okra to put together at the least

 one in every of their conventional meals or delicacies. for that reason, it's miles a widely

perfect vegetable Immature end result can be boiled, fried, eaten raw or steamed.


Okra fruits are used to make soups, sauces, stews, curries or even salads Okra leaves are used to feed livestock young

 leaves are every so often used as a vegetable, in a similar manner to

spinach, especially in West Africa and Southeast Asia. Okra leaves

might be dried and stage-headed into powder for garage. Flower buds and

petals are on occasion eaten in instances of meals scarcity.


Okra seeds are often utilized in vicinity of dried peas, beans or lentils in rice

dishes and soups. In Nigeria, seeds are prepared right into a food referred to as dandawan betso. In India, okra seeds are eaten in curries and chutneys.


Roasted

 okra seeds are floor and used alternatively for espresso in some

regions. considered by means of a few to be one of the pleasant coffee substitutes

recognised, it become once broadly used in crucial america, Africa and Malaysia.

Medicinal

 use: Leaves and immature fruit have long been used inside the East in poultices and implemented to alleviate ache, moisturize skin, induce sweating,

 save you scurvy and deal with urinary issues. In Congo-Brazzaville, a

leaf decoction is given for coronary coronary heart pains and to sell delivery throughout

childbirth. Okra root has been used to cope with syphilis in Malaya.


Okra mucilage has been used as a plasma opportunity and blood quantity expander[i]. monetary significance/manufacturing information.


2011 production records discovered that Nigeria is the second biggest

manufacturer of okra everywhere in the global. It produced 1,060.620 tonnes of okra.


India modified into the biggest manufacturer which produced five.784.000 tonnes of Okra in

2011. It changed into decided that the production margin among India and Nigeria is to massive. This indicates that there may be a exceptional need for boom inside the production level in Nigeria in other for us to have surplus and thereby permit exportation.

Moringa Plant cultivation

Moringa Plant

Moringa (Moringa spp.) is one of the worldwide’s most useful plant life with one of the most nutritional contents of any plant appeared within the international.

it's miles a short-growing, drought-resistant tree this is local to the southern foothills of the Himalayas in northwestern India[1].  it is a fast-developing tree and is grown at some stage in the tropics. The maximum substantially cultivated species is Moringa Oleifera, a multipurpose tree, and generally referred to as the Miracle tree for proper cause. commonplace names embody Moringa, drumstick tree, from the arrival of the lengthy, slim, triangular seed pods, horseradish tree, from the flavor of the roots which resembles horseradish, ben oil tree or Benzoil tree, from the oil derived from the seeds. Used for human food, farm animals forage, medication, dye, and water purification. Moringa oleifera tree has been referred to as the tree of lifestyles in plenty of cultures spherical the sector, including Nigeria. It has various community names in Nigeria; its names consist of “Ewe Igbale” in Yoruba, “Zogelle” in Hausa and “Idagbomunonye” in Igbo.


Moringa Plant 

importance OF MORINGA


it's miles widely recognized for thehighly nutritious and health advantages derivable from the exceptional additives of the plant: the leaves, seeds, and the roots.there's an increased recognition of the multiple uses of Moringa leaves for each home and industrial capabilities main to an accelerated name for for it.it's far expected that at least 300 ailments may be cured by way of taking this complement at the side of hundreds of different health advantages, thanks to its extra than 90 nutrients, forty six precise antioxidants, and all 8 critical amino acids.


fitness benefits: here is a closer take a look at the health advantages of Moringa leaves, stem, root, and seeds.


    medical research have tested that it includes particular antioxidants and fitness selling substances that offer palliatives to malnutrition, starvation and diseases.

    The young leaves are healthy to be eaten and are usually cooked and eaten like spinach or used to make soups and salads. It’s rich in lots of nutrients, together with diet A, severa styles of diet B, nutrition C, nutrition D and diet E.




industrial uses of Moringa Oil


    The oil content cloth of de-hulled seed (kernel) is set 40 two %. The oil is excellent yellow. it's miles used as a lubricant for brilliant machinery along with timepieces as it has little tendency to visit pot and become rancid and sticky[2]. it's also useful as vegetable cooking oil. The oil is known for its capability to absorb and keep risky materials and is therefore valuable in the perfume industry for stabilizing scents

    Water purification: Water extract from the beaten kernels of Moringa can be used as a viable alternative coagulant for chemical substances inclusive of aluminium sulphate (alum) in sedimenting mineral debris and organics in the purification of eating water.it is able to additionally be used as a non-poisonous herbal polypeptide for cleaning vegetable oil, or for sedimenting fibers inside the juice and beer industries.

    Forage plant: The nutritional traits of the Moringa tree are super so it may effortlessly be used as a clean forage cloth for farm animals. The leaves are wealthy in protein, carotene, iron and ascorbic acid and the pod is rich inside the amino acid lysine. Moringa is specially useful as a forage for cattle each economically and productively given the issues going through traditional farm animals breeders which include:


a) Low availability of feed for the duration of the dry season, which extends from December thru might also moreover.


b) loss of ability for pasturing animals as farmers commonly very personal small regions and those are usually no longer well worked or controlled.


c) nutritional imbalances resulting from a lack of access to proteins, carbohydrates and minerals




Nutritive fee[3]:


here is a dietary breakdown of clean Moringa Leaves:


    7 times the nutrition C of Oranges;

    4 instances the Calcium of Milk;

     three times the Potassium of Bananas;

    2 instances the Protein of Yogurt;

    4 instances the diet A of Carrots;

     ¾ the iron of Spinach.


Moringa leaves while dried end up a even extra, powerhouse of nutrients containing:


    ½ the weight-reduction plan C of Oranges;

     17 times the Calcium of Milk;

    15 instances the Potassium of Bananas;

    9 times the Protein of Yogurt;

    25 instances the nutrients A of Carrots; and

    20 instances the Iron in Spinach.


All factors except the vitamin C is expanded whilst you dry the leaves in the coloration. Drying the leaves in direct sunlight decreases its nutritional values.




Cultivation


Moringa timber grow effortlessly from seeds or cuttings.it's far a quick growing tree and has been placed to develop to 6 – 7 m in 365 days in areas receiving much less than four hundred mm mean annual rainfall and its low call for for soil vitamins and water after being planted make its manufacturing and control smooth.  it may be planted the use of both plant reducing or seed propagation. Pruned branches gotten from mature branches are extremely good for growing new wood; planting with seed are commonly completed immediately to its meant vicinity due to its fragile nature.


Harvesting:   Moringa leaves can be harvested at any time as soon as bushes are set up. selected branches are trimmed leaving some for the following harvest or seed manufacturing. The whole tree back also can be reduce to a top of about 2m during the raining season to permit restoration in advance than the dry season.




merchandise evolved from Moringa[4]


    Moringa Leaf Powder: The leaves are dried and powdered and are bought for numerous usages ranging from human consumption to Animal folder.  Moringa dried leaves are utilized in cooking. They can be sprinkled at the salads to decorate the nutrient charge. they will be also used within the livestock feed to enhance the dietary fame of the livestock.

    Moringa Oil: The recovery houses of Moringa oil, additionally called Behen oil, have been documented with the aid of the use of ancient cultures. It also has awesome splendor cost and is used in frame and hair care as a moisturizer and pores and pores and skin conditioner. It reveals its utilization in lotions, creams, balms, scrubs, frame oils, and hair care formulations. pores and skin moisturizing blessings are derived from the truth that Moringa seed oil is immoderate in nutrients A and C

    Moringa Seed cake powder: Moringa cake is ready after the extraction of Moringa oil from the seeds and it’s received from cold pressing method. Moringa cake is wealthy in high-quality & a hundred% unfastened from any contaminations. With 60% protein content material cloth, the seed press cake left over from crushing seeds may be used as protein supplement. Moringa Seed cake powder includes all the important amino acids

    Moringa Tea: The especially immoderate nutritive value of the Moringa leaves has made the Moringa tea the maximum fashionable herbal tea international. Moringa tea with the entire vitamins acts as a natural refresher. Moringa tea can be fed on thru all as it includes antioxidants.

Extracting the oil from Moringa

    The seeds coats are removed (shelling) the usage of shelling system to extract the seeds.

    The freshly shelled seeds are fed in to the click system which extracts the oil.at the common 1kg of seeds (with coats) gives 120ml of cold pressed oil.

    Thereafter, the oil is allowed to settle for a few days thereby bearing in mind sedimentation. this is very important to ensure excessive great Moringa oil is produced.

    The smooth oil is decanted leaving at the back of the sediments.

    The wiped easy oil is bottled, and packaged for the market.

capability of Moringa plant
Moringa looks set to turn out to be one of the fastest developing coins crops coming out of the African continent as world meals fees soar and the worldwide nutritional recession begins to take hold.

the global Moringa products marketplace expected to be over US$ four billion is specifically relying on India[5]which resources approximately eighty% of the call for of Moringa products and thereby taking part in dominant characteristic inside the international.

due to a aggregate of its versatility, speedy boom cycle, hardiness & it’s in huge part unrivalled nutritional and medicinal houses Moringa is swiftly becoming the favourite method through using which to resolve some of the meals scarcity problems that have blighted many elements of Africa for decades and with the west dealing with the emergence of similar troubles the potential for Moringa as an export is growing.


additionally, there may be boom interest of its splendid fitness usage in Orthodox medicine. It finished a big role in preserving human health and improving the nice of human lifestyles for masses of years and has treasured additives of drugs, seasonings, drinks, cosmetics and dyes. This has appreciably led to boom market call for for the product regionally.

COMMERCIAL CUCUMBER PRODUCTION

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) originates in southern Asia, but a large wide variety of cultivars were developed and are grown worldwide. it's far a widely cultivated plant of the family Cucurbitaceae. it's miles a creeping vine that bears cylindrical fruits that are used as culinary greens.

There are 3 fundamental kinds of cucumber:

    reducing,
    Pickling, and
    Burpless.

 inside these varieties, numerous exclusive cultivars have emerged.

The cucumber is a herbaceous trailing annual able to spreading in all guidelines. the foundation gadget is within the form of a faucet root that penetrates de



importance of Cucumber[i]

Rehydrates frame and replenishes every day vitamins - Cucumbers are ninety five % water, preserving the frame hydrated whilst supporting the body gets rid of toxins. Cucumbers have most of the nutrients the frame desires in a single day. The pores and skin consists of a good amount of diet C, about 10 % of the day by day-advocated allowance.


skin and hair care - it may be used for skin irritations and sunburns. The silicon and sulfur in cucumbers assist to stimulate hair boom.

Aids in weight loss and digestion - due to its low calorie and high water content material, cucumber is a really perfect food plan for people who are searching out weight reduction. The excessive water content material and nutritional fiber in cucumbers are very effective in ridding the frame of pollutants from the digestive device, helping digestion. daily consumption of cucumbers may be regarded as a remedy for chronic constipation.

 treatment plans diabetes, reduces ldl cholesterol and controls blood stress - Cucumber juice contains a hormone which is wanted through the cells of the pancreas for producing insulin which has been discovered to be useful to diabetic sufferers. Researchers located that a compound known as sterols in cucumbers may also help reduce cholesterol levels. Cucumbers incorporate a whole lot of potassium, magnesium and fiber. these paintings efficiently for regulating blood pressure. This makes cucumbers suitable for treating both low blood stress and excessive blood pressure.

they are also wealthy in nutrition A, B1, B6, C & D, Folate, Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium.


Cultivation

Cucumber does well on a well tired soil, frequently planted on raised beds. It additionally flourishes in a sandy loam soil. It requires a very good amount of sunshine and heat and is typically grown in inexperienced residence. It calls for space and might unexpectedly attain round 6 ft. . They can be allowed to spread over the floor and in which space is restricted educate the plant against a wall, stake






Soil kind

A properly tired fertile soil with a pH of 6.zero - 7.0 is important for cucumbers and so they may be frequently planted in raised beds around 6 inches excessive. Cucumbers will thrive in a sandy loam soil. ensure the soil has a great amount of natural be counted within it; manure will deliver the plants the vitamins they require.



Irrigation and drainage

The water requirements of cucumber are high. despite the fact that the growing period may additionally have enough rainfall common for the crop, periodic droughts may additionally arise in the course of every growing season. consequently, water should be implemented regularly on weekly foundation.

Weed often but be cautious now not to move below multiple centimeters together with your hoe as you can harm the foundation device with a view to gradual down plant boom.



Climatic necessities

Cucumber calls for a heat climate. In cool, temperate nations it's miles grown in greenhouses; handiest at some stage in warm summers can it be grown in the open. The most desirable temperature for boom is set 30°C and the optimal night time temperature 18–21°C; the minimal temperature for exact improvement is 15°C. high light intensity is wanted for optimum yields. Cucumber wishes a honest quantity of water but it can't stand water logging. Low relative humidity results in high plant evaporation because of the huge leaf area, and enough irrigation is then very essential. excessive relative humidity allows the prevalence of downy mould. In tropical Africa elevations as much as 2000 m appear to be suitable for cucumber cultivation. In Nigeria, cucumbers are grown majorly inside the North in particular Jos; because of the climatic necessities. however, in step with the research carried out at the branch of soil science university of Nigeria shows that cucumber can develop anywhere giving the proper production approach and control of the environmental element.



growing cucumber within the South[ii]:

The yield of cucumber is massive, it's miles wonderful. properly if the rain is so much, it distorts its manufacturing. immoderate precipitation is not right for cucumber. With slight rainfall, it’s now grown within the southern element with favorable yield evaluate with that grown in Jos.

what is required consist of:

    a very good land guidance,
    enough organic manure, and liberal utility of organic manure

If the rain is slight, the cucumber will yield thoroughly in South jap Nigeria. The beautiful thing approximately cucumber is that the period of boom to harvest is brief.



Propagation and planting

Cucumber is propagated by means of seed. during soil coaching beneficiant incorporation of natural manure (approximately 25–35 t/ha) is needed. approximately 1–3 kg of seed is wanted consistent with ha relying at the technique of sowing. Direct sowing, which is still a common practice specifically in open fields, requires large quantities of seed. whilst direct sown, cucumbers are planted on hills, 90–120 cm apart, with numerous seeds in step with hill and thinned to two–3 flowers, or they're sown in rows 1–2 m apart and thinned to 30 cm among flora.



management

Planting on raised beds will enhance drainage, that is especially crucial all through the wet season, and may help accurate root improvement. Weed manage is vital till the flora cowl the soil totally. help (stakes) may be furnished, on the way to commonly enhance fruit first-class, lessen disease prevalence via higher air flow within the crop, and make it less difficult to choose the end result. Irrigation is required at brief periods; a high stage of soil moisture ought to be maintained at some point of the growing length. the usage of drip irrigation is quite advocated for an most appropriate and uniform use of to be had water.

Fertilizers can be protected in the drip gadget. Cucumber responds nicely to fertilizers. in addition to the preliminary natural manure, a trendy advice is seven hundred kg/ha of an NPK aggregate, observed through N fertilizer every 2–three weeks till the end result form. however, it's miles constantly first-rate to base fertilizer items on a soil evaluation before planting. Micronutrients are also critical for an amazing improvement; shortages can result in sturdy deficiency signs in vegetation and end result, main to lower and coffee-best yields.

the top of the principle stem may be nipped off to encourage branching; in flowers with very robust vegetative growth lateral shoots can be pruned after the primary fruits have fashioned to restrict leaf and flower manufacturing.

sicknesses and pests

Many illnesses and pests can have an effect on cucumber in all degrees of development. Leaf illnesses that could bring about severe harm are the fungal diseases downy mildew, powdery mold, anthracnose, target leaf spot and gummy stem blight, as well as the bacterial disease angular leaf spot.

 Anthracnose additionally causes signs on end result. properly air flow, as an example thru trellising, reduces the prevalence of those illnesses to a point. other wilting in cucumber can be due to soil borne Fusarium wilt, or bacterial wilt , which is spread by cucumber beetles.

Cucumber is susceptible to damping off, resulting in seedling loss of life quickly after emergence; it happens more frequently whilst the soil is poorly drained, and may be resulting from several fungi, e.g. Pythium spp. or Phytophthora spp., some of which can also reason root rot in older flora.

A wellknown recommendation is to develop cucumber most effective on sites wherein no different cucurbits were grown for some of years, to save you soil borne illnesses

Aphids, whitefly and thrips are insects which can reason main issues, specifically due to the fact they act as vectors for viruses or illnesses. popular insect damage may be as a result of beetles, leaf miners and leaf hoppers.

the usage of herbal insect enemies is a extra environmentally friendly method than spraying chemicals against pests, but until now it has especially or completely been practised in included cultivation of cucumber.



Harvesting

Cucumber culmination for clean intake are harvested before they're absolutely mature; depending on the kind this can be 1–2 weeks after flowering. the instant of first harvest is forty–60 days after sowing, depending on climate and cultivar. Harvesting is achieved every different day to every few days.

economic capability of cucumber

Cucumbers are used extensively in a extensive sort of salads. Due the retain realization of the importance of fruits in our diets and the overwhelming importance of cucumber’s fitness benefits together with skin care ; there may be growing call for for the product in Nigeria.



production and global alternate[iii]

In 2002 the arena area under Cucumber turned into predicted at approximately 2 million ha, with a complete production of 36 million tones. Asia is the arena leader, with China by myself accounting for over 60%. Cucumber is grown in all international locations of tropical Africa, however nowhere on a big scale. In 2002 Africa produced 507,000 heaps on 25,000 ha, accounting for just much less than 1.5% of production. Egypt is the biggest African manufacturer with 360,000 tons. worldwide exchange in 2002 amounted to 1.five million heaps, with Mexico, the Netherlands and Spain as the main exporters; global alternate from African international locations is unassuming and unrecorded.

The call for for the product locally is a ways overwhelming accounting for its excessive cost inside the market and a profitable Agribusiness with high diploma of turnover over two hundred%.

POULTRY PROCESSING

CHICKEN PROCESSING

poultry manufacturing is big commercial enterprise at some point of the world. it is also a extraordinarily aggressive enterprise and feed suppliers, producers, processors, manufacturers of device etc. have all liked the economies of scale and long past directly to broaden bigger and greater automatic structures of operation than ever earlier than to deliver an insatiable marketplace. It’s a value addition process which produce ready-made chook for the kitchen.

Following the ban on the importation of fowl merchandise with the aid of the Federal government of Nigeria as coverage measures to restore the economy and inspire the local hen farmers, there was an increase in the number of hen processing plants within the united states. however because of insufficient processed centers to meet the local demand, the charge of processed hen elevated through over seventy five%[1] and has when you consider that open up funding opportunity within the fee chain.

enterprise professionals imply that approximately 90% of broiler production are slaughtered, processed and offered as frozen chicken, whilst the rest is offered stay within the open market and slaughtered in various homes. about 50% of the broiler produced are processed in computerized slaughtering flowers and saved in cold rooms before distribution and income[2].

manufacturing procedure[3]

The goal of a centralized rooster processing plant of any scale of operation is to provide cloth at a price which clients can come up with the money for, that is hygienic, healthful, attractive and marketable of consistent appearance and high-quality, and with a realistic shelf lifestyles.

hen processing consists of five easily described unit operations:

1. Slaughtering: The birds are hanged on an overhead shackle where they're shocked by a low voltage system earlier than placing within the bleeding cones. Birds are allowed to bleed for 1 1/2 to 2 mins earlier than dressing begins



Slaughtering device



2. Scalding and defeathering: After bleeding, the birds are placed in scalding machine with a cage and drawn thru the scald water which routinely agitates the carcass inside the water. It enables to melt the feather. After scalding the carcasses are removed and plucked.

chicken scalding tank



Plucking gadget


3. Eviscerating: The carcasses are arrive the evisceration room on a cellular rack. The offal is separated at the side of suitable for eating organs (the liver, heart and gizzard). The inedible offal is placed inside the offal bin. it can both be accomplished manually or completely automated the usage of the Eviscerator.

                

Eviscerator


four. Washing and Chilling: The inner is then washed in cold chlorinated water and chilled in cooled water. several designs of chilling device are in use, which include:

·         Immersion chilling

·         Static water chillers

·         Spray chillers
five. Packaging: Carcasses may be prepared as entire birds or cut in special sizes depending on purchaser requirements.

MORDERN CASSAVA PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

Cassava is a first-rate staple crop in Nigeria, as cassava itself and its product are determined within the day by day food of Nigerians. presently, cassava crop is undergoing a transition from a mere subsistent crop located on the sphere of peasants to a business crop in order to be grown in large portions in plantations. This growth of Cassava manufacturing is attributed to the invention of cassava as a reasonably-priced source of fit for human consumption carbohydrate that might be processed into special forms of human delicacies and animal feeds.


moreover, cassava might be supply of raw substances for some of business merchandise instance consist of, the starch, flour and ethanol. because of the comparative benefit of cassava that might be grown in business amount in maximum Agroecologies in Nigeria, the ability is giant for exploitation.


Cassava is a tuberous root that includes 60 to 70 percent moisture and has a shelf lifestyles of 2 to a few days. once harvested, it needs to be both consumed right away or processed into more stable product paperwork. Cassava farmers are often not able to technique harvested roots and need to sell their crop at a completely low fee to middlemen who're willing and able to attain them.


but, with the help of numerous studies and improvement through the years, the crop may be processed into numerous secondary merchandise of commercial market cost.


those products consist of:


·         Cassava chips,


·         Cassava pellets,


·         Cassava flour,


·         Cassava adhesives,


·         Alcohol, and starch


that are essential uncooked substances in the farm animals feed, alcohol/ethanol, fabric, confectionery, wood, food and gentle liquids industries. these merchandise are also of excessive demand in the international market.


GARI PROCESSING


Gari is dry, crispy, creamy-white and granular. it is expected that 70% of the cassava produced in Nigeria is processed into gari. As a result, gari is the most usually traded cassava product. The gari fees, consequently, are a dependable indication of the call for and deliver of cassava. other relevant processed cassava meals inside the traditional (food) marketplace encompass fufu, lafun and abacha (Onabalu, 2001)[i]


conventional methods of processing cassava roots can result in poor excellent merchandise that comprise unacceptable tiers of cyanide, in addition to being infected by using overseas count number and ailment-inflicting marketers[ii]. If human beings devour these types of merchandise, they are able to suffer from acute cyanide poisoning, goiter, and a nerve-detrimental sickness that makes them unsteady and not able to walk nicely.


right processing converts clean cassava roots into more secure and greater marketable merchandise via:


• decreasing cyanide tiers inside the processed products


• Prolonging shelf existence


• decreasing post-harvest losses of sparkling cassava roots


• keeping off contamination of the goods and the surroundings


In Nigeria, mechanized cassava processing continues to be on the developmental level and the capability could be very high.


production procedure


The basic techniques involved in the manufacturing of Garri from cassava are:


1. Sorting: After harvest, some roots may be damaged or rotten. these are sorted to select the healthy roots for processing; only healthy roots (without rot or other damage) need to be processed.


2. Peeling and washing: Freshly harvested cassava roots are covered with soil and dirt and. The roots are peeled to take away the outer brown skin and inner thick cream layer and washed to remove stains and dirt. The water source must be checked often to ensure it is not dirty or contaminated.


Cassava peeler


source: Federal Institutes Of business research Oshodi (FIIRO)


3. Grating: As a part of the process to remove the cyanide and make the foundation secure to eat, the peeled cassava are grated into a mash or pulp.  Mechanized graters are had to produce a sufficient amount of cassava mash to satisfy marketplace needs and requirements.


4. De- watering and fermenting: This completes the manner of disposing of cyanide from the cassava mash. The water content in the mash is decreased using hydraulic press. The baggage are then left to drain and ferment for some days.


5. Granulating:  The cake is automatically gotten smaller to provide exceptional granules of more surface place – referred to as grits.


6. Roasting: The grits are then roasted or fryed in a hot frying tray or pan to form the very last dry and crispy product. Gari is normally white or cream, however could be yellow whilst made from yellow cassava roots or when fried with palm oil. it's miles essential to ensure the flavor and odor is acceptable to local purchasers. Yellow cassava roots and palm oil are wealthy in diet A and consequently make nutritious gari. The roasted gari are spread on a raised platform within the outside to chill and dry.


7. Sieving: The Gari is sieved to split coarse debris, with a general length sieve to supply best granules. A grinder is used to interrupt the large granules into smaller ones. The


8. Packaging: The gari are weighed after which packed for advertising.


machinery and device[iii]

The predominant system for manufacturing of Gari are: Garifier, Grater, Hydraulic press, Granulator, Cone Blender, Vibro Sifter, Hammer mill with cyclone, Packaging machine and weighing device. The cost of this equipment with capability of four tonnes of Gari powder consistent with day, such as the fee of set up, can be made on request.

PEPER PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA

Pepper
 is one of the most vital spices utilized in making maximum Nigerian food.
there is infrequently a entire meal with out the usage of at least one range
of pepper.

Pepper belongs to the circle of relatives Solanaceae, that's an critical group of veggies.


foundation.

Pepper normally originates from important america. Capsicum annum is from center the us (Mexico) even as Capsicum frutescens
 is from the northern half of of south america to a part of significant the united states
and Caribbean vicinity. Pepper performed a extensive early function inside the
improvement of food in the usa[i]

Pepper manufacturing statistics/monetary ability

FAO
 facts estimate world manufacturing of capsicum peppers in 2001 at
21.3 million tonnes(t) from a harvested area of 1.6 million hectares
(ha) (average yield 13.4 t/ha); China is the largest producer with 10
million t, followed by means of Mexico (1.nine million t) and Turkey (1.5 million
t). India might be erroneously represented with only 50,000 t.
production in tropical Africa is estimated at 1 million t, with Nigeria
(715,000 t from 90,000 ha) and Ghana (270,000 t from seventy five,000 ha) because the
biggest producers. information are provided for handiest 13 out of the forty seven
international locations of tropical Africa. (The statistics for Africa does not
encompass domestic farms and garden manufacturing)[ii]

growing
 domestic call for, coupled with a drop in exports, continues to set the
trend for the pepper market. the principle providers of the commodity to the
global market are Vietnam, India, Indonesia and Brazil; at the same time as the principal
locations of its export are the united states, Europe, Japan and Australia[iii].

The
 charge of pepper in Nigeria has been subjected to seasonal fluctuation
through the years. In South Western Nigeria, pepper has been massively conveyed
from Northern Nigeria in spite of the fact that it's also grown in the
South West. This shows that there's a incredible and urgent need for
elevated production of pepper in Nigeria and maximum mainly in the
South-Western Nigeria.

The
 home call for for pepper has elevated over the years which has resulted
in the decline in the amount of pepper being exported in several
generating nations. This means that there is want for boom in
the deliver of pepper to make up for the growth within the domestic demand
and to additionally deliver room for exportation.

It
 is worthy of notice that notwithstanding the manufacturing stage of pepper in
Nigeria, pepper is still being imported. general boom in pepper
yield in Nigeria can be more advantageous via the cultivation of progressed
cultivars, and intensification of cultural practices.

advantages of Pepper

    Pepper is used as a spice in lots of dishes.

    Pepper is used as decoration in food, to add flavor and shade

    It
     is likewise used to provide alleviation for several ailments. it could be discovered in
     topical creams which are supposed to lessen muscle pain, irritation
    and itching[iv].

    Peppers can act as a heart stimulant which regulates blood go with the flow and strengthens the arteries, probably reducing heart attacks.

    It
     has soothing outcomes at the digestive machine, offers remedy from
    symptoms of colds, sore throats and fevers, flow, especially for
    cold arms and ft, and as a hangover remedy. fresh peppers are an
    exceptional source of calcium and nutrition C.

    it is able to be used to regulate blood sugar

    warm chili peppers would possibly assist combat prostate cancer[v]


types

There
 are extensive varieties of pepper all over the international but many of them are
produced based on regions and environmental conditions.

varieties commonly produced in Nigeria consist of:

1. chicken peppers—Atawere (Capsicum frutescens)

This
 is a completely hot type of pepper, it is brief in period.  both ripe and
unripe hen peppers are used for making pepper sauces. it is used whilst
unripe, normally nonetheless inexperienced in color for preparing pepper sauce for
unpolished rice (locally referred to as ofada rice). The sauce is richly
garnished with locust beans.


2. Cayenne pepper or purple pepper—Sombo (Capsicum frutescens)  

this is a completely lengthy and thin variety. it's miles a bit moderate as regards to its hotness.

three. Atarodo (Capsicum annum)

that is the maximum common pepper range within the marketplace. The smaller sized ones flavor more warm than the bigger sized ones.

4. Tatase (Capsicum annum)

This
 pepper variety is normally very moderate in flavor and really crimson in shade. It
 will be introduced to meals or sauce as a colouring agent to bring out a
brilliant pink coloration and sometimes to lessen hotness.


Seedling production
Soil Requirement

Pepper
 thrives well in warm climate. It calls for properly worn-out silt or clay
loam and favourable climatic condition. keep away from planting on water logged
and alkaline soils. Pepper grows properly on notably nutritive soil with
pinnacle-high-quality soil moisture.


Nursery education

The
 soil used for raising nursery must be wealthy, well- tired and free of
 sicknesses and insect pest. Make seed beds with topsoil mixed with
compost (30 x forty five x 8 cm) on nursery beds or trays. go away an upper area
of about 20cm for watering whilst the use of trays. Beds have to be approximately
1meter long with an inter-row area of approximately 1m also.


bed Fumigation/heat treatment

deal with
 nursery soil combination with fumigant to kill pests, fungi, weeds, and so on. in
 the soil. VAPAM might be used on the fee of one liter to twenty liters of
water in step with bed of 1 m x 10 m. wet soil closely to a depth of 15 cm and
cowl with palm fronds when used. depart a area of about nine-10 days after
 fumigation earlier than sowing seeds.

warmness remedy is an alternative to bed fumigation. it is accomplished with the aid of burning trash on the mattress and then doing away with the ash.


Sowing

Water
 the beds approximately 14hours earlier than sowing. Make drills of five-10 cm apart
across the mattress and sow about a hundred seeds consistent with drill. cowl lightly. skinny
the seedlings to at least one according to 2.5cm of drill 15–20 days after sowing.
Alternately holes may be made at four x 4 cm apart at the mattress and three–4 seeds
 dropped in every hollow. The seedlings are later thinned to 1 per hole.
similarly seeds can also be drilled or planted in particular spacing (4 cm
 x four cm) in the tray


Shading

shield
 seedlings from warm sun and heavy rains with the use of palm fronds.
do away with half of the fronds 30 days after sowing and the rest 40 days
later which will harden the seedlings earlier than transplanting.


Watering

Water
 the seedlings every day while the sun isn't out preferably inside the morning.
lessen amount and frequency of watering at some stage in hardening of seedlings.
 keep away from immoderate watering as it makes vulnerable to diseases including
damping off.


disease and insect manage.

The
 seedlings ought to be sprayed frequently with pesticides like Ambush and
 fungicide diathane for control of insect and diseases earlier than they're
transplanted.


Land instruction

Beds
 could be of any period however ideally with a width of 1meter.The
required land education consists of ploughing, harrowing bed coaching
need to be accomplished 7 days before transplanting.


Transplanting

Plant
 the usage of 70cm inter-row spacing and 50cm intra row spacing. Water the seed
 tray and beds within the nursery, and then you may uproot the
seedlings. two rows may be organized on a bed.


Fertilizer software

A
 entire fertilizer along with N.P.ok. 15:15:15 can be performed approximately 2
weeks after transplanting on the charge of one matchbox fertilizer to two
flowers. Draw a circle spherical the base of the plant and thoroughly unfold
the fertilizer inside the groove. cowl gently with soil. The circle have to
 be reasonably a ways from the stem of the plant. A distance of approximately four
–7cm is all proper.

The
 second application have to be performed at 50% flowering. The
application price this is one matchbox consistent with plant. Water the plant
immediately after applying the fertilizer. The most crucial pest of
pepper is fruit fly


Pests

Scales and mealy insects: observed majorly at the stems of older flora.

Coratitis capitata: it feeds at the fruit flesh leaving handiest the transparent pores and skin.

Borers (Lepidopterae spp.):
 observed additionally inside the culmination. Pests could be managed by way of spraying
insecticides namely sevin 85 w.p. 10 gm or 10 L of water weekly


diseases

Bacterial
 wilt: The infected plants show wilting and loss of life of the developing point
and upper leaves. it's miles basically sever in pepper. it could be controlled
via the usage of Use sickness resistant types and by means of the removal of
 the infected plant.

Fruit rot (Collectroticum capsic). It destroys fruit purchase decreasing its great. Spraying insecticide to control pests

Virus:
 it's far characterized by using the reduction of size of young leave with leaf
curl, mottling and vein clearing, puckering, deep mottling, curling
inwards of leaves and stunted boom

it is able to be controlled by means of working towards the crop rotation


Harvesting

Pepper
 is typically harvested red or because it starts to show pink except for chook
pepper which also can be harvested green because it could be consumed
inexperienced for a few unique cuisine. Harvesting may be done once or twice
in every week. it also includes harvested into baskets and sacks


Yield

Pepper
 produces a high go back once it is nicely cultivated, managed and free
 from pest and illnesses assault. The manufacturing of pepper in Nigeria is
profitable and comparatively cheap.

Pepper
 fruit weight frequently declines from factor of first harvest. Fruit yield of
 pepper is inspired extra via the variety of end result and the fruit weight.


storage

Pepper can be dried and stored in sacks

Dried pepper has a longer shelf existence than sparkling pepper.

Dried
 pepper may be similarly processed with the aid of grounding it into powdery form. This
 powdered pepper may be effortlessly delivered to meals, whether or not all through or after
cooking.

clean pepper can also be stored in the house in a groovy dry region for about a week.

TRADITIONAL PALM OIL PROCESING VS COMMERCIAL

traditional techniques utilized in Small-Scale Palm Oil Processing

Mechanical extraction:  that is the maximum tedious and essential operation in processing palm fruit. It includes pounding (digestion) which breaks the oil-bearing mesocarp from the palm fruit. There are two methods commonly employed in this processing:

    Pounding cooked/soaked fruits in massive timber or concrete mortars with a wood pestle;

    Foot trampling the cooked however bloodless culmination in canoes or specially constructed wooden troughs.

pressing:  The approach of oil extraction consists of:

    Steeping the pounded fruit mash in warm or cold water;

    eliminating fibre and nuts in small baskets and hand squeezing;

    Filtering out residual fibre from the oil/water emulsion in perforated steel colanders or baskets;

    Boiling and perusing palm oil from the oil/water combination;

    Drying the recovered oil.

This method result in loss of big amount of oil trapped inside the combination as an emulsion. It turned into long found out that pressing is a bottleneck in small-scale palm oil processing. The procedure is typically conducted slowly to avoid the massive loss of oil that would end result from inadequate pressing. The financial significance of this procedure become therefore long diagnosed and has received the best interest for mechanization.

Presses advanced over the years have protected fashions such as:

    manual vertical screw-press

    Stork hydraulic hand press

    NIFOR hydraulic hand press

    mixed screw/hydraulic hand press

This has through the years loved the very best patronage in Nigeria, even though oil loss/fibre ratio for those presses range from 18-35%. This need to be anticipated as the operation of these presses depends at the power of the operator.nm

 industrial PALM OIL PROCESSING UNIT OPERATIONS

he collection of processes involve in the commercial/huge scale extraction of oil palm to provide a high yield of the world over proper high-quality. these are:

1. The reception of fresh fruit bunches from the plantations: The nice popular done is to start with dependent on the fine of bunches arriving at the mill. The mill can not improve upon this quality however can prevent or minimize in addition deterioration.  good enough care need to be taken throughout harvesting and transportation of the fruit to keep away from immoderate bruising; resulting in oil of reduced quality. 

2. Threshing of bunches to unfastened the palm fruit: This involved the elimination of the fruits fr0m the spikelets growing on a primary stem. it may be performed manually using cutlass or awl, the fruits are then hand-picked. In a mechanized gadget a rotating drum or constant drum prepared with rotary beater bars detach the fruit from the bunch, leaving the spikelets on the stem

three. Sterilization: Sterilization or cooking manner the usage of excessive-temperature moist-warmness treatment of free fruit. The cooking serves the subsequent functions:

    warmth treatment destroys oil-splitting enzymes and arrests hydrolysis and autoxidation.

    heat allows the oil-bearing cells to come together and glide greater without problems on software of stress.

    Fruit cooking weakens the pulp shape, softening it and making it easier to detach the fibrous fabric and its contents throughout the digestion technique. Making the oil to be launched greater with no trouble.

    The moisture brought by means of the steam acts chemically to interrupt down gums and resins which motive the oil to foam throughout frying.

    Sterilization (cooking) is one of the most important operations in oil processing, ensuring the fulfillment of numerous other stages.

four. Digestion of the fruit: Digestion is the method of releasing the palm oil inside the fruit thru breaking down of the oil-bearing cells. The digester is typically made of cylindrical vessel outfitted rotating shaft wearing some of beaters. via the motion of the rotating beater hands the fruit is pounded.

five. pressing (Extracting the palm oil): There are  techniques which can be hired in extracting oil from digested cloth. One device uses mechanical presses and is known as the ‘dry’ method. the alternative referred to as the ‘wet’ approach makes use of warm water to leach out the oil.

in the ‘dry’ method, the oil is squeezed out of a combination of oil, moisture, fibre and nuts through applying mechanical strain at the digested mash.         

6. clarification and drying of oil:  This procedure guarantees the oil is separated from its impurities. The fluid coming out of the click is a mixture of palm oil, water, mobile particles, fibrous material and ‘non-oily solids’. warm water is added to the thick aggregate inside the ratio three:1. The diluted aggregate is passed via a display to dispose of coarse fibre.

The screened aggregate is boiled from one or two hours after which allowed to settle through gravity within the big tank so that the palm oil, being lighter than water, will separate and upward push to the top. The clear oil is decanted right into a reception tank. The decanted oil is re heated in a cooking pot and the dried oil is carefully skimmed off from any residual moisture.

7. Oil storage: The purified oil is transferred to a tank for garage previous to dispatch from the mill. The saved temperature are maintained around 50°C using hot water or low-stress steam-heating coils, to prevent solidification and fractionation. Iron contamination from the garage tank may also occur if the tank isn't always covered with a appropriate protective coating.

Small-scale mills absolutely p.c. the dried oil in used petroleum oil drums or plastic drums and shop the drums at ambient temperature.

Robotic farming

Farmers are an increasing number of beneath strain to feed extra people. The UN predicts that the world populace will upward thrust from 7.three billion today to 9.7 billion in 2050. This growing populace has become pickier approximately the food they devour. in the eu on my own, the organic market grew via 7.four% in 2014 with income valued at €24 billion. beyond natural meals, there's an typical push to make farming greener by way of the usage of much less water and pesticides.

“Agriculture is maximum prone to the affects of weather alternate, however it’s also one in all its causes”, says Birgit Schulz from Deepfield Robotics. “Making cultivation sustainable is critical”.

those elements suggest farmers need to provide more, at a better fine, and in a sustainable manner. With youth turning far from the profession, there is additionally less labour available to drive the imaginative and prescient forward.

input the robots — set to improve manufacturing yield, while lowering resources required, and making farming an interesting excessive-tech career.

“Few human beings need to rise up at 5am, farming is a heavy and dirty job.”, says Eldert van Henten, head of the the Farm generation organization at Wageningen university within the Netherlands. He provides that, “the excessive-tech nature of future farming might entice new people into the profession, but additionally deliver lower back individuals who left”.

Robots are simply part of an average push towards precision agriculture. Given the potential, Europe has funded at least 6 tasks round robot farming. And there may be masses to do given the huge quantity of responsibilities on a farm which are ripe for automation.

For crop farming, robots want to autonomously navigate their surroundings and carry out moves at set places, as an instance, choosing a fruit, spraying a pesticide, planting a seed, imaging a plant, or making a dimension. Glasshouses are barely less difficult to transport round because the surroundings is more cautiously engineered, and is frequently fit with tracks which robots observe to reach favored places. inside the case of outdoor farming, the robots work through receiving a plan with a hard and fast of places to visit on the sphere. when the robotic trajectories are acknowledged, the robotic can use GPS positioning and a closed-loop manipulate to make sure it remains on course. while the project is to follow an unknown trajectory, for instance a crop row, imaginative and prescient is often used to allow the robot to find its way. Robots are wirelessly connected to a primary operator to both receive updated instructions concerning the project, and file status and information. prepare, making an independent farm robotic requires smart controllers, localisation and communique structures. To a positive extent, the generation is just like that of autonomous automobiles applied to agtech. in which it differs is that farming robots regularly want to control their surroundings, selecting veggies or fruits, making use of pesticides in a localised way, or planting seeds. a majority of these tasks require sensing, manipulation, and processing of their very own.

The recently finished assignment RHEA developed a fleet of tractors and aerial robots with sensor systems to discriminate weeds from crops and practice herbicides in which wanted. Pablo Gonzalez de Santos, the lead on the venture, explains what is attainable nowadays:

“autonomous robots have already been confirmed in lots of agricultural activities. traditional duties which include tilling, sowing, harvesting of grains, can be done using self sufficient robots with the accuracy furnished by means of the vehicle itself (presently approximately ±2 cm while using GNSS era). For different responsibilities that demand using vision to follow trajectories, the present day accuracy is approximately ±7 cm.”

in relation to the use of robots with intelligent tools, the achievements are promising.

“autonomous tractors sporting herbicide sprayers coordinating with drones prepared with weed-detection systems have verified to shop as much as 75% of the herbicide. autonomous tractors ready with on-board weed detection structures are able to kill ninety% of weeds on a area.”

BEST WAY TO KEEP FARM RECORD

As being a small farmer with a little farm commercial enterprise, you may marvel what statistics you need to be preserving, whether on your particular purposes, for any grants or other help in all likelihood you've got received, or for taxes.

The motive maintain Farm statistics?


keeping farm information is a key thing of handling your small farm. Farm statistics serve a amount of functions on the small farm - whether or not it is a interest farm or maybe abode. right here are a few at the motives to maintain farm facts:


monitoring progress. in case you are set on jogging your farm, you'll need to make certain that you are making development towards your dreams and that you'll be shifting forward to your organization plan.


Even if you're an hobby farmer or homesteader, keeping music can make sure you meet your desires, and can help you be extra green to your job on the farm. Farming is extra pleasant when you're making superb progress as opposed to spinning your wheels. accurate farm records assist you notice what works, what will now not, and assist you discern out why that will help you to make changes shifting ahead.


handling the farm. despite the fact that this resembles monitoring development, right here i am relating to monitoring things like what number of animals you've got, what their fitness is, what health troubles probable you have had with them, what you're feeding them and what kind of/how often, what vegetable sorts you have and the manner they carry out. if you maintain movements farm magazine about the specifics of this farm operation - the flora and fauna and crops, now not just the budget - you're getting a full photograph of ways your farm is functioning.

every now and then you might be succeeding at producing fine profits for your farm, however you are struggling by having an issue of animal care that requires adjustment. Or, you can realise that your earnings are suffering, and the root cause is that you'll be in reality charging too little. You won't be capable of trace that root motive in case you record how a lot feed you are buying and the quantity of chickens that interprets into, for instance. You want each sides on the equation to run your farm correctly.


obtaining loans and presents. Many offers and loans for small farmers require you've got monetary information to show what we have earned, what your charges are, and so forth. honestly in case you'd like to borrow cash from a bank or other fashionable bank, they will require monetary statements to prove how the farm is financially possible.


earnings taxes. profits tax returns will need to be filed for your small farm. you may want to hold unique a report of fees and earnings for this IRS, to make certain that you are paying the right taxes for the farm. consult an accountant for details particular for your state of affairs, however monitoring income and fees is mostly a should for any farm.


What facts in case you ever hold?


that is wherein it gets tricky and very man or woman. it is tough to make blanket hints about what you need to song on a small-scale environmentally friendly farm, hobby farm, or dwelling house. It absolutely depends on what your goals are. So start along with your enterprise plan and work from normally there. What do you need to track to research whether you're assembly your stated goals? how are you going to realize if advertising is succeeding?


In monetary terms, all farms have to music profits and fees. seek advice from a levy professional for specifics right here, but you will need to categorize prices to match your profits tax go back categories and also you have to make sure you have captured every penny spent and earned.


once  what to song, it's a count number of identifying which recordkeeping fits you. Your options vary from a handwritten notebook to a computer spreadsheet or specialised bookkeeping method, or a aggregate. I pick to music expenses on-line and hold things automated this manner, however for the nitty-gritty linked with farm work, I choose having a paper notebook to the sphere beside me to record what I planted and while, what i discovered whilst examining it the bees, and so forth. Make a grasp listing of the information you need to tune, sort it into types, and decide how you'll song each institution of statistics.

POULTARY FARMING BUSINESS IN NIGERIA

This is a lucrative business inside Nigeria if properly managed from inception as well as the market is right now there, ready made. There are ovum traders who go out of Lagos to in terms of Shagamu and Ibadan and beyond to find eggs. Frozen chicken will be big business inside Nigeria but smuggled in to the country as it really is officially banned around the Import Prohibition Record. These show that there are a gap available in the market to be loaded. Besides these, there are some other investment opportunities on the market besides the grinding aspect. There is obviously room for a fresh entrant into any part of the business.

Today, I want to talk about how a sloppy farmer can lose money available without knowing until it really is probably too overdue. There is a written report on this website titled ‘Viability Examination Report’ which explains the expense of operations for the setup of your small chicken farmville farm of 1000 tiers for egg creation.
The report furthermore explains how ovum production work my partner and i. e. the general principle in egg production (a chicken will lay down an egg a day for 24 months) as well as the several exceptions (reasons why it is not necessarily actually so & the actual position). It also explains tips on how to forecast a realizable ovum production and income estimate from your given number regarding chickens. It can be an important report first of all who need to know the figures. Details inside the first blog submit below titled ‘Poultry Grinding: Basics for Entrepreneurs. ’

Before you go create a chicken level farm, you should comprehend the natty-gritty regarding egg production because there exists a loop that the farm staff can easily exploit to pants pocket your money and you may not know. It is advised that the master of the farm be there to control his farm or perhaps maintain very shut supervision if he could be an absentee operator.
If he can be an absentee owner, the farm manager has to be a honest and also trusted person. His operational competence can be important. If your manager/farm staff just isn't honest and makes use of the loop (one of many exceptions) inside egg production in your own disadvantage, you then are on the particular losing end. It is a clear fact then one prime reason exactly why some chicken harvesting have closed straight down especially those held by absentee masters.

If you comprehend egg production general rule and its particular 6 exceptions, you'll be able to tackle the loop to cut back egg pilferage for the barest minimum and also make maximum earnings. The Viability report is made for those that are really interested available and need the particular figures.

If the master cannot be offered to supervise his purchase and cannot get yourself a trusted manager, usually do not do the enterprise. Before you create a chicken farmville farm, you must comprehend the exceptions inside egg production as well as the loop that can make you lose money as well as the remedies. Then deal with the issue regarding who supervises the particular farm. If the staff cannot take eggs without an individual knowing, there are other avenues they are going to try. I can explain them afterwards. However, do not become discouraged from doing the business enterprise. But knowing beforehand the advantages and disadvantages help so you are aware how to run the business enterprise more profitably.

You must have a good document keeping system which assits you know how the particular farm is standing up financially at virtually any point. What you are to help keep record of about daily basis continues to be explained in the particular layer report (How to create and operate any profitable layer hen farm in Nigeria: Any Beginner’s Guide).
Next, when you observe that you will be losing money, you should know what exactly goes wrong. One with the common reasons will be egg pilferage simply by farm staff. If egg losses usually are not controlled, it can ruin a big farm where tiny drops make a great ocean.

If there is a small backyard farm producing lower than 10 crates everyday but a farmville farm staff steals a crate per day valued at N700. 00, the loss is N21000. 00 month to month. If the fraud continues on unchecked, within month or two, the farm can be financially distressed because of this. That is any sure fact!

This is exactly why I say the owner should know the way egg production works in order to reduce egg losses for the barest minimum even when he is offered to manage his farmville farm. It is if the farmer understands the device that he can devise a fix to check loss. The solution can be a simple common perception application that any person can apply. You will need common sense on this business.
If you might have 1000 healthy, well fed layer chickens on the peak of production along with your farm manager offers you an average everyday egg production record stating 20 crates and you also believe just that way, then you will be the one working to your manager.

Then a handle system should be applied to check abuses by farm employees. You should comprehend the mentality in which farm staff show and how it could adversely affect farmville farm fortunes. There are several major atrocities hen dishonest farm staff do that may ruin a farmville farm. Staff recruitment, supervision and monitoring is very important. Engage staff it is possible to trust. The supervision i. e who deals with the farm can be a crucial factor to success because if you put every one of the factors in spot but have unskilled, untrustworthy staff responsible, the farm may well fail.

HOW TO SETUP A POULTRY FARM

Make sure you have your brooder set up prior to deciding to bring your chicks home. Scatter the bedding in the brooder, hang the lamp (an changeable height cord is helpful) and established the thermometer. You want the bedding beneath the heat lamp to read 95 degrees F. Fill the waterers and feeders and set them in order that they are not entirely under the lamp nor entirely at the edges, but where the chicks can eat comfortably and never get either chilled or too hot.
As Soon As They Go back home

When your chicks first get there home, whether from the feed retail store or via the shipping process from the far-away hatchery, they are probably somewhat stressed. Gently remove them on the box and dip their beaks in water as you set them into the brooder. Let them acclimate for their new home.

Watch your chicks to see if they are comfortable. Temperature is vital in the first few times and weeks. Think of the heat lamp as their replacement mother, because that's essentially what it really is. Without the heat lamp they're going to die quickly. If the chicks huddle beneath the lamp, they may be as well cold, so lower the table lamp. If they scatter to the particular edges, they may be as well hot, so you'll need to raise the lamp. Throughout the first about a week you'll need to keep an in depth eye on this.
Preventing Complications

"Pasting up" is a condition where feces builds on the chicks' vents, obstructing exit of more feces. This can kill young chicks. Causes include things like stress from shipping and obtaining chilled. Check your birds' rear ends every single day for pasting up and utilize a warm wet cloth to get rid of the feces. If really bad, you will need to cut the downy feathers across the vent off with scissors.

If you have children, be careful of overhandling. In case chicks are pasting up, make the kids leave them alone until the thing is gone. Pasting up chicks tend to be stressed chicks. Curious dogs can also be a risk to baby the baby birds. Put a screen door or other cover over the brooder to keep the the baby birds safe.

They will get his or her waterers and feeders filthy with bedding. Clean it up approximately you can. You don't desire them ingesting large quantities connected with bedding. Change their bedding about once per week.
Lowering Temperature

Each week, lower the temperature by 5 degrees before the temperature reaches outdoor temperatures. So to the first week, keep them from 95 degrees F. The subsequent week: 90 degrees F. Third week: 85 degrees F. Adjust this as necessary in order that they are comfortable - not huddling beneath the lamp (too cold) or scattering for the edges (too hot).
Outside Time

Starting at around 2-3 weeks old, if the temperatures are cozy (over 65 degrees F), it is possible to bring them outside for short periods of sun and foraging. Make sure to add grit to their feed if they will be eating anything other than poultry feed. Grit is small stones that chickens retain in their crop to help these grind up bugs, grass and other food.
Moving the Chicks for the Coop

By 4-5 weeks of age the chicks decide to move to their main coop full-time, or if the brooder is generally coop, for the heat lamp and brooder for being removed. When you move these, keep them closed in the coop to get a day or two (rather than letting them free-range) in order that they learn that the coop is actually "home. " Once there, follow basic chicken care to keep them growing strong! They will start laying eggs at around 4-6 months of age.

HOW TO MAKE FIH MEAL

Fish meal, is a commercial product created from fish and the bones and also offal from processed fish. This is a brown powder or cake acquired by drying the fish or maybe fish trimmings, often after cooking food, and then grinding it. Whether it is a fatty fish it is additionally pressed to extract most of the fish oil.
Fishmeal is often a nutrient-rich and high protein product feed ingredient that stores very well, and is used primarily with diets for domestic animals and sometimes being a high-quality organic fertilizer.
Raw supplies used
Fishmeal can be made from almost any good seafood but is generally made of wild-caught, small marine fish that incorporate a high percentage of bones and oil, and is usually deemed not suitable for direct human consumption. The fish caught for fishmeal purposes just are termed “industrial”. [3] Other types of fishmeal is from by-catch involving other fisheries and by-products involving trimmings made during processing (fish waste or offal) of various seafood products destined for strong human consumption. Virtually any fish or shellfish in the sea may be used to make fishmeal, although there might be a few rare unexploited species which would produce a poisonous meal.
Deciding on species
1. The species must be in large concentrations to offer a high catching rate; this is essential because the value of industrial fish is under that of fish for strong human consumption. 2. The fishery should preferably be based on several species in order to reduce the effect of fluctuations in way to obtain any one species. 3. The whole abundance of long lived variety varies less from year for you to year, and 4. Species using a high fat content are additional profitable, because the fat in fish is held in the expense of water and not in the expense of protein. [citation needed]
Seafood meal is manufactured primarily coming from anchovies in Peru; menhaden in america; pout in Norway; capelin, sand eel and mackerel in the rest of northern Europe; and sauries, mackerels and also sardines in Japan.
Generation
Fish meal factory, Bressay, Shetland Island destinations
Fish meal factory, Westfield, Gulf Lothian
Fishmeal is made through either cooking, pressing, drying and grinding of fish or fish waste to which no other matter continues to be added. It is a solid product from which most of the water is removed and some or all the oil is removed. Four or five tonnes of fish are needed to manufacture one tonne involving dry fishmeal. [4]
There are several ways of making fishmeal from raw fish; the simplest way is to allow the fish dry out in the sun. This method is still found in some parts of the world where processing plants usually are not available, nevertheless the end product is poor in comparison to ones made by modern strategies. Nowadays all industrial fish meal manufactured by the following processes:
Cooking -A commercial cooker is often a long steam jacketed cylinder by which the fish are moved by the screw conveyor. This is a crucial stage in preparing the fishmeal, as incomplete cooking means that the liquor from the fish are not pressed out satisfactorily and overcooking can make the material too soft pertaining to pressing. No drying occurs within the cooking stage.
Pressing -A perforated tube with increasing pressure is needed for this process. This stage involves removing some of the oil and water from this material and the solid is recognized as Press cake. The water articles in pressing is reduced coming from 70% to about 50% and also oil is reduced to 4%.
Drying- It is very important get this stage of accomplishing this right. If the meal is usually under-dried, moulds or bacteria may grow. If it is over-dried, scorching may occur and this reduces the nutritional value from the meal.
Two main types involving dryer: Direct and Indirect
Direct -Very hot air at a temperature of 500 °C (932 °F) is passed within the material as it is tumbled rapidly inside a cylindrical drum. This is this quicker method, but heat damage is greatly subjected if the process is certainly not carefully controlled.
Indirect -Cylinder that contains steam heated discs which in addition tumble the meal.
Grinding -This is the last help processing which involves the dysfunction of any lumps or particles of bone take part in this stage.
Nutrient composition
Virtually any complete diet must contain a number of protein, but the nutritional value from the protein relates directly to their amino acid composition and digestibility. The amino acid profile of fishmeal is what makes this feed ingredient so attractive being a protein supplement. High-quality fishmeal typically contains between 60% and 72% primitive protein by weight. Typical diet programs for fish may contain coming from 32% to 45% total protein by weight. [5] Another crucial reason why fishmeal is preferred as an ingredient in aquaculture diets is really because it contains certain compounds that leave the feed more acceptable and agreeable on the taste (palatable). This property provides for the feed to be swallowed rapidly, and will reduce nutrient leaching. It is thought the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid is just about the compounds that imparts to fishmeal their palatability.
Fish lipids may also be highly digestible by all species of animals and are also excellent sources of the essential polyunsaturated efas (PUFA) in both the omega-3 and omega-6 families of fatty acids. The predominant omega-3 efas in fishmeal and fish oil are linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic p (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Efa's are necessary for normal larval growth, fish growth, and reproduction. They are important in normal development from the skin, nervous system, brain, and also visual acuity. PUFAs appear to help the immune system in safeguard of disease agents and reduce the stress response. Fishmeal also is made up of valuable phospholipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and also steroid hormones.
Such high digestibility of fish lipids means they are able to provide lots of usable energy. If a diet does certainly not provide enough energy, the fish or shrimp must break down valuable protein pertaining to energy, which is expensive which enables it to increase production of toxic ammonia. Fishmeal is considered to be a moderately rich source of vitamins from the B-complex especially cobalamine (B12), niacin, choline, pantothenic p, and riboflavin.
Benefits
Fishmeal with diets increase feed efficiency and also growth through better food palatability and also enhances nutrient uptake, digestion and also absorption. The balanced amino acid composition of fishmeal complements and offers synergistic effects with other animal and vegetable proteins within the diet to promote fast progress and reduce feeding costs.
High quality fish-meal provides a balanced level of all essential amino aids, phospholipids and efas required for optimum development, progress and reproduction especially of larvae and also broodstock. The nutrients in fishmeal also help in disease resistance by boosting and making an effort to maintain a healthy functional disease fighting capability. It also allows for system of nutrient-dense diets, which promote optimal growth.
Incorporation of fishmeal into diets of aquatic animals aids you to reduce pollution from the waste water effluent by providing greater nutrient digestibility. The incorporation of high-quality fishmeal in feed imparts a 'natural or wholesome' characteristic on the final product, such as that given by wild fish.

CATFISH FINGERLINGS PRODUCTION.

 Catfish fingerlings production begins with deciding on ladies broodstock fish. ideally, broodstock contemplate among 500-1000g, with larger fish being tough to deal with and frequently ensuing in egg losses in advance of stripping, however its recommended to make use of huge fishes if someone can assist in handling. In trendy, mature females are decided on as outlined by this standards.

A nicely distended, swollen stomach from which ripe eggs may be purchased by means of slightly pressing the stomach toward the genital papilla. Ripe eggs are generally uniform in size and a experienced hatchery operator are able to see the nucleus as a small dark factor in the heart of the egg, a swollen, on occasion reddish or rose colored genital papilla.

The most not unusual technique hired to result in very last maturation and ovulation in African catfish is constantly to inject the girl with bodily hormones or pituitary gland.

Its really helpful to cover the pinnacle of the breeder with a towel so that you can hold it quiet at some stage in injection. usually speaking maximum fish keep still in case their eyes are included.

The females are in most cases injected internal afternoon/evening and are stored (separated in the males) in a pond or possibly basin, Of major importance is the breeders may be stuck easily when its time and energy to ovulate the eggs as fending off spoilage of eggs.

the speed of the manner will depend on water temperature, the higher this temperature the faster the ova ovulate.

Stripping from the female broodstock is done there by lightly urgent the abdomen that has a thumb from the pectoral fin closer to the genital papilla. Ovulated eggs will flow out without difficulty in a very thick jet from the genital vent and so are typically gathered into a dry out plastic container.

The men from the African catfish can not be stripped and therefore the sperm can most effective possibly be acquired by means of sacrificing a man. The male is killed and additionally the frame floor thoroughly dried then the testis is dissected and put right into a mortar or a teacup. The testis is hastily reduce into small portions employing a scissor and in the end the milt is pressed out that has a pestle or a teaspoon.

a few dilute the milt that has a physiological salt answer approximately any hour earlier than the woman is stripped and this answer is delivered the usage of the stripped eggs. The gain of this approach is that eggs from many ladies can be fertilized united testis of a mature male can doubtlessly fertilize the eggs of 10-15 girls.

The sperm (diluted or non-diluted) is blanketed with the stripped eggs, and the eggs fertilized with the assist of an equal volume of clean water. The water and egg mass are then mixed by means of gently shaking the pan. Eggs must be stirred constantly until there're positioned in the hatching tanks for the reason that eggs become sticky and devoid of stirring will stick collectively directly into one clump.

approximately 60 seconds after fertilization has taken area and the sperm functions lost its activity, the fertilized ova are then equipped for incubation with

vats.

The development system via fertilized egg to hatching, like several other biological procedures, is dependent about water temperature; the better the river temperature the quicker the ova hatch.

The time it takes concerning catfish eggs to hatch relies upon on water temperature. clarias catfish usually spawn inside spring, whilst water temperatures are generally among 70 and eighty four °F (21 and 29 °C).

A widespread principle of egg incubation is that water is renewed which will offer oxygen and that following hatching the larvae are separated in the closing egg-shells and useless ova. The latter is of extreme importance so as to keep away from fungal or bacterial infections connected with hatch-lings and consequent larval fatality.